On August 20, 2025, the National Consumer Bankruptcy Rights Center (NCBRC), together with Legal Aid Chicago, filed an amicus curiae brief in the Seventh Circuit in support of debtor–appellant Bernardo Romero. The case raises a recurring and important issue for homeowners who seek Chapter 13 relief to save their homes from tax purchasers.
[Read more…] about NCBRC and Allies File Amicus Brief in Romero Appeal on Tax Purchaser Interest RatesThe Seventh Circuit Rules That a Chapter 13 Trustee May Not Take A Fee If the Case is Dismissed Pre-Confirmation
On May 3, 2024, the Seventh Circuit Court agreed with the Ninth and Tenth Circuits that the Bankruptcy Code requires the Chapter 13 trustee to return her fee when the debtor’s plan is not confirmed. See Evans v. McCallister (In re Evans), 69 F.4th 1101 (9th Cir. 2023) and Goodman v. Doll (In re Doll), 57 F.4th 1129 (10th Cir. 2023).
The debtor filed a Chapter 13 bankruptcy and made approximately $3,800 in payments. The trustee distributed about $750 in pre-confirmation adequate protection payments. The court never confirmed the debtor’s plan, and the case was dismissed. The trustee charged her fee of about $260. The debtor filed a motion to turn over all remaining funds including the trustee’s fee and the bankruptcy court agreed. The bankruptcy court certified the case for a direct appeal to the Seventh Circuit.
The court held:
“If the plan is confirmed, the trustee must distribute the remaining payments in accordance with the plan. Id. § 1326(a)(2). But where, as here, a plan is not confirmed, “the trustee shall return any such payments not previously paid and not yet due and owing to creditors pursuant to paragraph (3) to the debtor, after deducting any unpaid claim allowed under section 503(b).” Id. This requires “the standing trustee [to] return all of the pre-confirmation payments [she] receives, without first deducting [her] fee.” In re Doll, 57 F.4th 1129, 1141 (10th Cir. 2023) (emphasis in original). While § 1326(a)(2) has two exceptions, neither covers the trustee’s fee. As to the first, “[t]he Chapter 13 trustee’s fee is not an administrative expense under Section 503(b),” In re Evans, 69 F.4th 1101, 1104 n.2 (9th Cir. 2023), and the trustee has not argued that it is. As for the second, the trustee’s fee is not a payment “previously paid”—because only certain adequate protection payments are permitted pre-confirmation—nor is it a payment “due and owing to creditors.” 11 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(2). Because neither exception applies to the Chapter 13 trustee’s fee, she must return her fee to the debtor.”
Marshall v. Johnson, No. 23-2212, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 10852, at *3-4 (7th Cir. May 3, 2024). The court held that the trustee may not keep her fee under Section 1326(b) because that provision applies only to payments after a plan is confirmed. Further, the trustee has no right to keep her fee under 28 U.S.C. § 586(e)(2).
“And § 586(e)(2) is irrelevant, as it “only addresses the source of funds that may be accessed to pay standing trustee fees.” In re Doll, 57 F.4th at 1140; see also id. at 1144 (“‘[C]ollect’ in 28 U.S.C. § 586(e)(2) cannot mean … that the act of ‘collection’ of funds irrevocably constitutes a payment to the Trustee of his fees.”); In re Evans, 69 F.4th at 1108 (“Section 586 only provides that when a trustee does collect her fee pursuant to 1326(b), she does so by collecting her fee from all payments received under confirmed plans.”) (cleaned up). Rather, § 1326(a) governs “what happens to such [collected] payments if a Chapter 13 plan is not confirmed.” In re Doll, 57 F.4th at 1140. Section 1326(a)(2) mandates that the trustee return all payments, including her fee, to the debtor. Sections 1326(b) and 586(e)(2) do not compel a different result.”
Marshall v. Johnson, No. 23-2212, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 10852, at *5-6 (7th Cir. May 3, 2024).
The Second Circuit is still considering this issue in the case of in In re Soussis, Case No. 22-155 (2nd Cir. 2023).
NACBA member Mike Miller from the Semrad Law Firm, LLC in Chicago, Illinois, successfully represented this debtor.
NACBA and NCBRC supported the debtor by filing an amicus brief in support and by providing Mr. Miller a moot court prior to oral argument.
In re Johnson – 7th Circuit Decision
NACBA-NCBRC File stamped brief
The Seventh Circuit Considers Whether a Chapter 13 Trustee May Take A Fee If the Case is Dismissed Pre-Confirmation
The Seventh Circuit, in the case of In re Johnson, Case No. 23-2212 (7th Cir. 2023), accepted a direct appeal from the Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois. The bankruptcy court held that a chapter 13 trustee may not deduct her fee if a chapter 13 case is dismissed without having a plan confirmed. The court adopted the reasoning in Goodman v. Doll (In re Doll), 57 F.4th 1129 (10th Cir. 2023).
At present, two courts have affirmed that a trustee may not deduct a fee if the chapter 13 case is dismissed prior to confirmation. In addition to the Doll opinion, the Ninth Circuit agreed in Evans v. McCallister (In re Evans), 69 F.4th 1101 (9th Cir. 2023). The Doll decision is currently being considered for certiorari by the Supreme Court. Another case is pending on this issue in In re Soussis, Case No. 22-155 (2nd Cir. 2023).
NCBRC and NACBA filed an amicus brief in support of the Debtor/Appellee. NCBRC NACBA Filed Amicus Brief – In re Johnson
“Special Charges” Not Included in Priority Tax Debt
The City of Milwaukee failed to present evidence that the “special charges” on the debtor’s delinquent property tax bill were in the nature of property taxes entitled to priority in the debtor’s chapter 13 plan. In re Peete, No. 21-23863 (Bankr. E.D. Wisc. June 30, 2022).
When the debtor filed for bankruptcy, the City of Milwaukee filed a claim for delinquent property taxes of which it claimed $26,754.99 as an unsecured priority debt. Ninety percent of the claim, however, represented special charges consisting of delinquent municipal services, delinquent storm water account, delinquent water account, and “total other special.” Only $903.36 of the claim represented “tax principal.” Additionally, $2,242.87 of the total amount represented interest and penalties.
The debtor objected to the claim’s priority status arguing that the special charges were not property tax debt entitled to priority under section 507(a)(8)(B). He filed a chapter 13 plan consistent with that view, and the City objected to confirmation. [Read more…] about “Special Charges” Not Included in Priority Tax Debt
Silla v. Ghazvini, No. 22-1092 (BAP 9th Cir.)
Type: Amicus
Date: July 25, 2022
Description: Interest rate on arrears
Result: Pending
Bankruptcy Court Takes 7th Circuit to Task
The bankruptcy court gave the debtors guidance on how to challenge a decision issued by the Seventh Circuit earlier this month by pointing out, among other things, that the circuit court decision addressed an order not actually on appeal before it. In re Terrell, No. 18-28674 (Bankr. E.D. Wisc. July 19, 2022). [Read more…] about Bankruptcy Court Takes 7th Circuit to Task
Debtors May Not Modify Plan to Deprioritize State’s Claim
The bankruptcy court erred in permitting the debtors to modify their chapter 13 plan to deprioritize the State of Wisconsin’s claim based on a public assistance overpayment, where the only authority for such modification would come from Rule 60(b)(1) and the debtors sought the modification too late to rely on that Rule. In the Matter of Terrell, No. 21-3059 (7th Cir. July 12, 2022). [Read more…] about Debtors May Not Modify Plan to Deprioritize State’s Claim
Employment Contract Is Domestic Support Obligation
An employment contract between the debtor and his ex-spouse where the ex-spouse’s only responsibilities were to assist the debtor in family matters, was in the nature of domestic support and was entitled to priority treatment in the debtor’s chapter 7 bankruptcy. In re Wibracht, No. 21-50477 (Bankr. W.D. Tex. March 31, 2022). [Read more…] about Employment Contract Is Domestic Support Obligation
Mortgage May Be Bifurcated Under Section 1322(c)
The Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin joined the majority of courts in finding that section 1322(c)(2) “authorizes modification of a principal residence loan through bifurcation, when the last payment on the original payment schedule is due before the final plan payment is due.” In re Harris, No. 21-26280 (Bankr. E.D. Wisc. March 16, 2022).
The debtor filed her chapter 13 petition shortly after the final balloon payment was due on her home mortgage. At the time of her petition, she owed $78,009.00 on the mortgage and she valued the residence at $45,000.00. In her plan, she proposed to bifurcate the claim and pay the entire secured portion and none of the unsecured portion. The mortgage creditor objected to confirmation on three grounds only one of which was addressed in this order. That issue was whether section 1322(b)(2) precluded the debtor from modifying the treatment of the mortgage beyond altering the terms of the repayment schedule. [Read more…] about Mortgage May Be Bifurcated Under Section 1322(c)
ACA’s Shared Responsibility Payment Debt Not Entitled to Priority
The shared responsibility payment under the Affordable Care Act is not an “excise tax,” within the meaning of section 507(a)(8) and, therefore, the IRS’s claim for unpaid SRP was not entitled to priority in bankruptcy. IRS v. Huenerberg, No. 18-1617 (E.D. Wisc. Oct. 22, 2020).
When the debtors filed for chapter 13 bankruptcy, the IRS submitted a claim for over $6,000 in unpaid taxes, a portion of which was attributable to the debtors’ failure to pay what they owed under the Affordable Care Act as their shared responsibility payment (SRP). The IRS sought to have the SRP treated as a priority tax debt under section 507(a). The bankruptcy court found that the SRP did not qualify as an “excise tax” under that section and denied the IRS’s motion. The IRS appealed to the district court. [Read more…] about ACA’s Shared Responsibility Payment Debt Not Entitled to Priority